---
title: Quality of Recovery Awake Versus Asleep Craniotomy
nct_id: NCT02228993
overall_status: COMPLETED
sponsor: Northwestern University
study_type: OBSERVATIONAL
primary_condition: Brain Tumor
countries: United States
canonical_url: "https://parkinsonspathways.com/agent/trials/NCT02228993.md"
clinicaltrials_gov: "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02228993"
ct_last_update_post_date: 2021-10-08
last_seen_at: "2026-05-12T06:39:04.085Z"
source: ClinicalTrials.gov (mirrored, no enrichment)
---
# Quality of Recovery Awake Versus Asleep Craniotomy

**Official Title:** Quality of Recovery Following Awake Craniotomy Versus Craniotomy Performed Under General Anesthesia

**NCT ID:** [NCT02228993](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02228993)

## Key Facts

- **Status:** COMPLETED
- **Study Type:** OBSERVATIONAL
- **Target Enrollment:** 84
- **Lead Sponsor:** Northwestern University
- **Conditions:** Brain Tumor
- **Start Date:** 2014-08
- **Completion Date:** 2021-06
- **CT.gov Last Update:** 2021-10-08

## Brief Summary

Awake craniotomy (AC) is an anesthetic and surgical technique commonly used to resect tumors involving or adjacent to the eloquent or motor cortices, those portions of the brain that are responsible for language and motor skills, respectively. By mapping those areas of the brain that are necessary for such functions, the neurosurgeon is able to avoid resection of cortical tissue that might compromise the patient's abilities to speak or move, hence preserving neurologic function. AC is often accomplished by direct cortical stimulation or inhibition, while maintaining the patient's ability to interact with the operative team. The anesthetic technique often involves a regional (scalp) block combined with intraoperative intravenous mild sedation. In some reported instances of AC, no cortical mapping is performed, and the technique is performed solely because it is thought that AC leads to a better recovery profile (less pain, better neurologic outcome, and shorter hospital stay) than craniotomy performed under general anesthesia.

The Quality of Recovery Score (QoR-40) is a validated, multi-parameter instrument that has been used in various postoperative populations to assess the overall satisfaction and well-being of patients having undergone anesthesia and surgery. Leslie et al. have reported that the QoR-40 is a valid tool in assessing neurosurgical patients, but a direct comparison between AC patients and general anesthesia craniotomy (GAC) patients using this tool has never been performed.

AC may also be associated with better 30 and 90 day multi-parameter outcomes than GAC. The well-validated Acute Short Form (SF-12) health survey, an abbreviated version of the SF-36, consists of 12 items. It measures two domains, including mental and physical component summaries (mental component summary and physical composite score, respectively).

Hypothesis:

Awake craniotomy for tumor resection is associated with a better multi-parameter quality of recovery in the immediate postoperative period, and better 30 and 90 day quality of life outcomes, than craniotomy performed under general anesthesia.

## Eligibility

- **Minimum age:** 18 Years
- **Maximum age:** 100 Years
- **Sex:** ALL
- **Healthy Volunteers:** No

```
Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult non-pregnant patients (age ≥ 18 years) undergoing AC or GAC for elective supratentorial tumor resection.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients under 18 years of age, non-English speaking, pregnancy, unable to obtain written informed consent, infratentorial tumors.
```

## Arms

- **Awake Craniotomy**
- **General Anesthesia Craniotomy**

## Primary Outcomes

- **Quality of Recovery (QoR-40) score** _(time frame: 24 hours postoperatively)_

## Locations (1)

- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

## Recent Field Changes (last 30 days)

- `outcomes.primary` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.overallStatus` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.primaryCompletionDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.completionDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.lastUpdatePostDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `design.enrollmentCount` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.criteria` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.minAge` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.maxAge` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.sex` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `armsInterventions.arms` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `sponsor.lead` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `results.hasResults` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `locations.northwestern university|chicago|illinois|united states` — added _(2026-05-12)_

---

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*Source data (authoritative): https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02228993*  
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