---
title: "Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid Compared to Lugol's Iodine in HIV-infected Women"
nct_id: NCT02237326
overall_status: COMPLETED
phase: NA
sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
study_type: INTERVENTIONAL
primary_condition: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
countries: Kenya
canonical_url: "https://parkinsonspathways.com/agent/trials/NCT02237326.md"
clinicaltrials_gov: "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02237326"
ct_last_update_post_date: 2014-09-11
last_seen_at: "2026-05-12T07:33:01.185Z"
source: ClinicalTrials.gov (mirrored, no enrichment)
---
# Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid Compared to Lugol's Iodine in HIV-infected Women

**Official Title:** Safety and Validity Evaluation for Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Techniques Among HIV-infected Women

**NCT ID:** [NCT02237326](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02237326)

## Key Facts

- **Status:** COMPLETED
- **Phase:** NA
- **Study Type:** INTERVENTIONAL
- **Target Enrollment:** 654
- **Lead Sponsor:** University of California, San Francisco
- **Collaborators:** Kenya Medical Research Institute
- **Conditions:** Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Cervical Cancer, HIV
- **Start Date:** 2011-10
- **Completion Date:** 2012-10
- **CT.gov Last Update:** 2014-09-11

## Brief Summary

The clinical trial is part of a larger study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of screening techniques for cervical cancer among HIV-infected women. The investigators randomized women to undergo screening with Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) or Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine (VILI), along with a colposcopy. All outcome and treatment decisions were based on the colposcopy exam done at the study visit. The investigators then compared outcomes between the two groups to assess the test characteristics of both VIA and VILI.

## Detailed Description

Cervical cancer and HIV are intersecting epidemics that both disproportionately affect low-income women; the impact of the socioeconomic disparity and biologic synergy of these two diseases is seen dramatically in Kenya, where cervical cancer is the most common cancer killer. HIV-infected women are at increased risk for the development of cervical precancer and cancer, develop more aggressive lesions and are affected at younger ages. Although screening for and treatment of precancer has reduced the incidence of cervical cancer to close to zero in resource-rich countries, strategies are costly and not available in most resource-limited countries. Novel testing and treatment methods that can be carried out in low-resource settings are urgently needed to prevent cervical cancer in these settings, especially among HIV-infected women. Using a cross-sectional study design, the investigators tested two potentially low-cost and effective cervical cancer screening methods: visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and protein biomarkers expressed in the presence of cervical dysplasia, neither of which have been well-studied in HIV-infected women. Investigators also randomized a small subset of women to undergo VIA compared to Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine (VILI) to compare the test characteristics of these two screening exams. In addition, remarkably little is known about the potential impact of the presence, diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus-related dysplasia on HIV genital shedding, a major risk factor for HIV transmission. To explore the impact of the presence, diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus-related cervical dysplasia on HIV-1 in genital secretions, investigators compared the levels of HIV-1 RNA found in the cervicovaginal secretions of women with no evidence of cervical dysplasia to levels in women with high-grade cervical dysplasia. They also compared the levels of HIV-1 RNA prior to and after cervical biopsy as well as up to 14 weeks after standard treatment for cervical dysplasia using loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Results from this study will inform the prioritization and design of safe, effective and low-cost cervical cancer screening and prevention programs for HIV-infected

## Eligibility

- **Minimum age:** 23 Years
- **Maximum age:** 59 Years
- **Sex:** FEMALE
- **Healthy Volunteers:** Yes

```
Inclusion Criteria:

* 23-59
* Intact cervix/uterus
* no evidence of infection
* ability to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnant
```

## Arms

- **Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine** (ACTIVE_COMPARATOR) — Participants underwent colposcopic exam, followed by Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine (VILI) by a second, blinded clinician (the order of exams was reversed to eliminate potential interference with exam results due to iodine staining). Biopsy was done after the VILI.
- **Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid** (ACTIVE_COMPARATOR) — Participants underwent Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid followed by colposcopy by a second clinician who was blinded to the screening test result.

## Interventions

- **Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid** (PROCEDURE) — Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid is the application of acetic acid to a cervix, followed by examination with a light source. It is not a new drug or device, and has been used in resource-limited settings for several decades. The purpose of this trial is to compare the two screening techniques, which had not been done previously.
- **Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine** (PROCEDURE) — Visual Inspection with Lugol's Iodine is the application of lugol's iodine to a woman's cervix, followed by examination with a light source with the goal of detecting precancerous lesions. Like Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid, it is not a new drug or device.

## Primary Outcomes

- **Test Positivity Rate** _(time frame: eight months)_ — Investigators compared the test positivity between VIA and VILI.

## Secondary Outcomes

- **Sensitivity** _(time frame: 12 Months)_

## Locations (1)

- Family AIDS Care and Education Services, Kisumu, Nyanza, Kenya

## Recent Field Changes (last 30 days)

- `eligibility.sex` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.criteria` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.minAge` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `eligibility.maxAge` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.overallStatus` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.primaryCompletionDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.completionDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `status.lastUpdatePostDate` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `design.phases` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `design.enrollmentCount` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `outcomes.primary` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `outcomes.secondary` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `armsInterventions.arms` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `armsInterventions.interventions` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `sponsor.lead` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `sponsor.collaborators` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `results.hasResults` — added _(2026-05-12)_
- `locations.family aids care and education services|kisumu|nyanza|kenya` — added _(2026-05-12)_

---

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